دوره 3، شماره 9 - ( 12-1404 )
جلد 3 شماره 9 صفحات 63-48 |
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Majidi M, Afzali A. Façade as the Narrator of Power: A Case Study of the Historical Fabric of Qom. JORS 2026; 3 (9) : 5
URL: http://jors-sj.com/article-1-90-fa.html
URL: http://jors-sj.com/article-1-90-fa.html
مجیدی مریم، افضلی علیرضا. نما، راوی قدرت (نمونۀ مطالعه شده: نماهای بافت قدیمی شهر قم). مکتب احیاء. 1404; 3 (9) :48-63
مریم مجیدی*1 
، علیرضا افضلی2
، علیرضا افضلی2
1- گروه معماری منظر، پژوهشکدۀ هنر، معماری و شهرسازی نظر، تهران، ایران
2- گروه معماری منظر، دانشکدۀ معماری، دانشکدگان هنرهای زیبا، دانشگاه تهران، ایران،
2- گروه معماری منظر، دانشکدۀ معماری، دانشکدگان هنرهای زیبا، دانشگاه تهران، ایران،
چکیده: (1188 مشاهده)
تحولات چند دهۀ اخیر در ساخت‌وساز شهری، به‌ویژه در مصالح و سبک‌های معماری، ضرورت توجه به ساماندهی نماهای شهری را افزایش داده است. نماها به‌عنوان عناصر بصری مهم در سیمای شهر، نقش کلیدی در ادراک شهروندان از محیط شهری ایفا می‌کنند. در این میان، تمایز میان «سیمای شهر» به‌عنوان کالبد فیزیکی و «منظر شهر» به‌عنوان تجربۀ ذهنی و ادراکی شهروندان، اهمیت توجه به کیفیت طراحی نماها را دوچندان می‌کند. شهر قم با جایگاه تاریخی و مذهبی خود، طی سال‌های اخیر تحت تأثیر اقدامات توسعه‌ای، دستخوش تغییرات کالبدی گسترده‌ای شده که تأثیرات مثبت و منفی بر سیما و بالطبع منظر آن، به‌ویژه در بافت تاریخی، برجای گذاشته است. بررسی‌های انجام‌شده نشان می‌دهد که دستورالعمل‌های موجود در زمینۀ ساماندهی نماهای شهری قم، علی‌رغم اهداف ارتقایی خود، در عمل کارایی لازم را نداشته‌اند. این ناکارآمدی به نوعی موجب اغتشاش، بی‌هویتی و نابسامانی در سیمای شهر شده است. این پژوهش با راهبرد کیفی، مبتنی‌بر تحلیل اسناد، مطالعات پیشین، مشاهدات میدانی و پرسش‌نامه باز، به بررسی وضعیت نماهای شهر قم پرداخته و نشان می‌دهد که منظر شهری حاصل تعامل نیروهای مختلف سیاسی، اقتصادی و اجتماعی است. ضعف در تشخیص و مدیریت این نیروها توسط نهادهای شهری، عامل اصلی نابسامانی موجود تلقی می‌شود. در نتیجه، توانمندسازی مدیریت شهری در شناخت و بازتوزیع صحیح نیروهای مؤثر، شرط لازم برای ارتقای کیفیت سیما و به دنبال آن منظر شهر قم خواهد بود. تحولات چند دهۀ اخیر در ساخت‌وساز شهری، به‌ویژه در مصالح و سبک‌های معماری، ضرورت توجه به ساماندهی نماهای شهری را افزایش داده است. نماها به‌عنوان عناصر بصری مهم در سیمای شهر، نقش کلیدی در ادراک شهروندان از محیط شهری ایفا می‌کنند. در این میان، تمایز میان «سیمای شهر» به‌عنوان کالبد فیزیکی و «منظر شهر» به‌عنوان تجربۀ ذهنی و ادراکی شهروندان، اهمیت توجه به کیفیت طراحی نماها را دوچندان می‌کند. شهر قم با جایگاه تاریخی و مذهبی خود، طی سال‌های اخیر تحت تأثیر اقدامات توسعه‌ای، دستخوش تغییرات کالبدی گسترده‌ای شده که تأثیرات مثبت و منفی بر سیما و بالطبع منظر آن، به‌ویژه در بافت تاریخی، برجای گذاشته است. بررسی‌های انجام‌شده نشان می‌دهد که دستورالعمل‌های موجود در زمینۀ ساماندهی نماهای شهری قم، علی‌رغم اهداف ارتقایی خود، در عمل کارایی لازم را نداشته‌اند. این ناکارآمدی به نوعی موجب اغتشاش، بی‌هویتی و نابسامانی در سیمای شهر شده است. این پژوهش با راهبرد کیفی، مبتنی‌بر تحلیل اسناد، مطالعات پیشین، مشاهدات میدانی و پرسش‌نامه باز، به بررسی وضعیت نماهای شهر قم پرداخته و نشان می‌دهد که منظر شهری حاصل تعامل نیروهای مختلف سیاسی، اقتصادی و اجتماعی است. ضعف در تشخیص و مدیریت این نیروها توسط نهادهای شهری، عامل اصلی نابسامانی موجود تلقی می‌شود. در نتیجه، توانمندسازی مدیریت شهری در شناخت و بازتوزیع صحیح نیروهای مؤثر، شرط لازم برای ارتقای کیفیت سیما و به دنبال آن منظر شهر قم خواهد بود.
شماره‌ی مقاله: 5
فهرست منابع
1. Alcaraz, T.G. (2024). Decoding urban power: Architecture, symbolism and territorial control in Caracas. City, Culture and Society, 39, 100608.
2. Alishah, M., Ebrahimi, A., & Ghaffari, F. (2016). The role of buildings facades of on urban landscape (case study: old context of Sari). The Turkish Online Journal of Design Art and Communication, 1347-1356. https://doi.org/ 10.7456/1060AGSE/019 [DOI:10.7456/1060AGSE/019]
3. Atarod, F. & Kashi, H. (2018). Constituent Elements of Urban Facade. Armanshahr Architecture & Urban Development, 10(21), 173-192. https://www.armanshahrjournal.com/article_58605.html
4. Atashinbar, M. (2009). The Continuity of Identity in Urban Landscape. Bagh-e Nazar, 6(12), 45-56. https://www.bagh-sj.com/article_32.html
5. Benkovičová, L. (2024). Sustainability, Beauty, and Power in Architecture. International Journal of Architecture, Arts and Applications, 10(3), 54-63. https://doi.org/ https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijaaa.20241003.12 [DOI:https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijaaa.20241003.12]
6. Bourdieu, P. (1984). Distinction: A Social Critique of the Judgment of Taste. Harvard University Press.
7. Carmona, M., Heath, T., Oc, T., & Tiesdell, S. (2021). Public Places, Urban Spaces: The Dimensions of Urban Design (3rd ed.). Routledge.
8. Cullen, G. (1961). Townscape. Architectural Press.
9. Dovey, K. (2016). Urban Design Thinking: A Conceptual Toolkit. Bloomsbury.
10. Esmaili, F., Charehjoo, F., & Hoorijani, N. (2020). Analyzing and Evaluating Facades with a Special Approach to Visual Aesthetics Using the Grid Method (Case Study: Enqelab Street in Sanandaj). Bagh-e Nazar, 17(82), 65-78. http://doi.org/10.22034/bagh.2019.165147.3934 [DOI:http://doi.org/10.22034/bagh.2019.165147.3934]
11. Foucault, M. (1977). Discipline and Punish: The Birth of the Prison. Vintage.
12. Gehl, J. (2010). Cities for People. Island Press.
13. • Ghiabi, M. (2022). نقش نما و جداره ها در منظر شهری با تاکید بر زیبایی شناسی محیط [The role of facades and walls in the urban landscape with emphasis on the aesthetics of the environment]. Journal of Urban Design Studies and Urban Research, 5(2), 67-75. [In Persian]
14. Harvey, D. (2008). The Right to the City. New Left Review.
15. Heffernan, F. (2024, December 30). Modern cities as material expressions of power: Interrogating politics and design in Paris, Algiers, and Vienna. Urban Equity Institute. https://www.urbanequityinstitute.org/modern-cities-as-material-expressions-of-power-interrogating-politics-and-design-in-paris-algiers-and-vienna/
16. Jacobs, J. (1961). The Death and Life of Great American Cities. Random House.
17. Jones, P. (2011). Architecture, Power and Identities: Surveying the Field. Liverpool University Press.
18. Kasravi, R., & Hashemizadegan, S.A. (2023). A Comparative Study of Sima, Manzar, and Chesm Andaz as Persian Equivalents of Landscape in English. Manzar, the Scientific Journal of Landscape, 15(64), 54-59.
19. Khakzand, M., Mohammadi, M., Jam, F., & Aghabozorgi, K. (2014). Identification of factors influencing urban facade's design with an emphasis on aesthetics and ecological dimensions Case study: Valiasr (a.s.) Street -Free Region of Qeshm. Motaleate Shahri, 3(10), 15-26. https://urbstudies.uok.ac.ir/article_8763.html?lang=en
20. Khosravi, S. (2010). Young and Defiant in Tehran. University of Pennsylvania Press.
21. Lefebvre, H. (1991). The Production of Space. Blackwell.
22. Lynch, K. (1960). The Image of the City. MIT Press.
23. Majidi, M., & Hashemizadegan, S. A. (2025). Landscape and Politics (Conceptology of the Nature and Political Aspects of Landscapes). Bagh-e Nazar, 21(141), 15-26. https://doi/10.22034/bagh.2025.500586.5745
24. • Mansouri, S. A. (2010). چیستی منظر شهری [What is an urban landscape?]. Manzar, the Scientific Journal of Landscape, 2(9), 30-33. https://www.manzar-sj.com/article_405.html?lang=fa [In Persian]
25. Martinelli, P.M. (2019). Inside the Façade: The Inhabited Space between Domestic and Urban Realms.
26. Nezhadbahram, Z., & Jalili, S. M. (2021). Explanation of "Urban Power" and Its Effects on the Development Process of Tehran City. Armanshahr Architecture & Urban Development, 13(33), 269-280.
27. Parker, S. (2003). Politics, people and power. In S. Parker (Ed.), Urban theory and the urban experience: Encountering the city (pp. 120-137). Routledge.
28. Porta, S., & Renne, J. L. (Eds.). (2019). The Routledge Handbook of Urban Design Research Methods. Routledge.
29. Pula, D., & Perna, V. (2023). Architecture as Metaphor: Politics and Aesthetics in the Modernist City. ArchiDOCT, 11(2). https://iris.uniroma1.it/retrieve/5bc2059f-863f-4d17-bf66-17f7f25a15e9/Perna_Architecture-Metaphor_2023.pdf
30. Rahimi, M. (2018). An Investigation and Analysis of the Elements of Urban Power in Historical and Contemporary Periods. Journal of Iranian Studies, 17(33), 155-176.
31. Relph, E. (1976). Place and Placelessness. Pion.
32. Rodger, R. (2023). The facade of power and the power of the facade: memory and meaning in Victorian cities. Urban History, 50(4), 703-738.
33. Trancik, R. (1986). Finding Lost Space: Theories of Urban Design. Van Nostrand Reinhold.
34. Yeang, K. (2006). A vertical theory of urban design. In M. Moor & J. Rowland (Eds.), Urban design futures (pp. 135- 140). Routledge.
35. Zandieh, M., & Goodarzian, Sh. (2014). Landscape approach, the success factor of urban tourism. Bagh-e Nazar, 11(30), 59-66. https://www.bagh-sj.com/article_6498.html?lang=en
36. Zarif, A., Alborzi, F., & Sohili, J. (2022). Investigating the Views of Urban Streets in terms of Citizens' Perception (Case Study: Pedestrian May 15, Tehran). Journal of Applied Researches in Geographical Sciences. 22(66), 325-341.
37. Zukin, S. (1991). Landscape of power. University of California Press.
38. Alcaraz, T.G. (2024). Decoding urban power: Architecture, symbolism and territorial control in Caracas. City, Culture and Society, 39, 100608.
39. Alishah, M., Ebrahimi, A., & Ghaffari, F. (2016). The role of buildings facades of on urban landscape (case study: old context of Sari). The Turkish Online Journal of Design Art and Communication, 1347-1356. https://doi.org/ 10.7456/1060AGSE/019 [DOI:10.7456/1060AGSE/019]
40. Atarod, F. & Kashi, H. (2018). Constituent Elements of Urban Facade. Armanshahr Architecture & Urban Development, 10(21), 173-192. https://www.armanshahrjournal.com/article_58605.html
41. Atashinbar, M. (2009). The Continuity of Identity in Urban Landscape. Bagh-e Nazar, 6(12), 45-56. https://www.bagh-sj.com/article_32.html
42. Benkovičová, L. (2024). Sustainability, Beauty, and Power in Architecture. International Journal of Architecture, Arts and Applications, 10(3), 54-63. https://doi.org/ https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijaaa.20241003.12 [DOI:https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijaaa.20241003.12]
43. Bourdieu, P. (1984). Distinction: A Social Critique of the Judgment of Taste. Harvard University Press.
44. Carmona, M., Heath, T., Oc, T., & Tiesdell, S. (2021). Public Places, Urban Spaces: The Dimensions of Urban Design (3rd ed.). Routledge.
45. Cullen, G. (1961). Townscape. Architectural Press.
46. Dovey, K. (2016). Urban Design Thinking: A Conceptual Toolkit. Bloomsbury.
47. Esmaili, F., Charehjoo, F., & Hoorijani, N. (2020). Analyzing and Evaluating Facades with a Special Approach to Visual Aesthetics Using the Grid Method (Case Study: Enqelab Street in Sanandaj). Bagh-e Nazar, 17(82), 65-78. http://doi.org/10.22034/bagh.2019.165147.3934
48. Foucault, M. (1977). Discipline and Punish: The Birth of the Prison. Vintage.
49. Gehl, J. (2010). Cities for People. Island Press.
50. • Ghiabi, M. (2022). نقش نما و جداره ها در منظر شهری با تاکید بر زیبایی شناسی محیط [The role of facades and walls in the urban landscape with emphasis on the aesthetics of the environment]. Journal of Urban Design Studies and Urban Research, 5(2), 67-75. [In Persian]
51. Harvey, D. (2008). The Right to the City. New Left Review.
52. Heffernan, F. (2024, December 30). Modern cities as material expressions of power: Interrogating politics and design in Paris, Algiers, and Vienna. Urban Equity Institute. https://www.urbanequityinstitute.org/modern-cities-as-material-expressions-of-power-interrogating-politics-and-design-in-paris-algiers-and-vienna/
53. Jacobs, J. (1961). The Death and Life of Great American Cities. Random House.
54. Jones, P. (2011). Architecture, Power and Identities: Surveying the Field. Liverpool University Press.
55. Kasravi, R., & Hashemizadegan, S.A. (2023). A Comparative Study of Sima, Manzar, and Chesm Andaz as Persian Equivalents of Landscape in English. Manzar, the Scientific Journal of Landscape, 15(64), 54-59.
56. Khakzand, M., Mohammadi, M., Jam, F., & Aghabozorgi, K. (2014). Identification of factors influencing urban facade's design with an emphasis on aesthetics and ecological dimensions Case study: Valiasr (a.s.) Street -Free Region of Qeshm. Motaleate Shahri, 3(10), 15-26. https://urbstudies.uok.ac.ir/article_8763.html?lang=en
57. Khosravi, S. (2010). Young and Defiant in Tehran. University of Pennsylvania Press.
58. Lefebvre, H. (1991). The Production of Space. Blackwell.
59. Lynch, K. (1960). The Image of the City. MIT Press.
60. Majidi, M., & Hashemizadegan, S. A. (2025). Landscape and Politics (Conceptology of the Nature and Political Aspects of Landscapes). Bagh-e Nazar, 21(141), 15-26. https://doi/10.22034/bagh.2025.500586.5745
61. • Mansouri, S. A. (2010). چیستی منظر شهری [What is an urban landscape?]. Manzar, the Scientific Journal of Landscape, 2(9), 30-33. https://www.manzar-sj.com/article_405.html?lang=fa [In Persian]
62. Martinelli, P.M. (2019). Inside the Façade: The Inhabited Space between Domestic and Urban Realms.
63. Nezhadbahram, Z., & Jalili, S. M. (2021). Explanation of "Urban Power" and Its Effects on the Development Process of Tehran City. Armanshahr Architecture & Urban Development, 13(33), 269-280.
64. Parker, S. (2003). Politics, people and power. In S. Parker (Ed.), Urban theory and the urban experience: Encountering the city (pp. 120-137). Routledge.
65. Porta, S., & Renne, J. L. (Eds.). (2019). The Routledge Handbook of Urban Design Research Methods. Routledge.
66. Pula, D., & Perna, V. (2023). Architecture as Metaphor: Politics and Aesthetics in the Modernist City. ArchiDOCT, 11(2). https://iris.uniroma1.it/retrieve/5bc2059f-863f-4d17-bf66-17f7f25a15e9/Perna_Architecture-Metaphor_2023.pdf
67. Rahimi, M. (2018). An Investigation and Analysis of the Elements of Urban Power in Historical and Contemporary Periods. Journal of Iranian Studies, 17(33), 155-176.
68. Relph, E. (1976). Place and Placelessness. Pion.
69. Rodger, R. (2023). The facade of power and the power of the facade: memory and meaning in Victorian cities. Urban History, 50(4), 703-738.
70. Trancik, R. (1986). Finding Lost Space: Theories of Urban Design. Van Nostrand Reinhold.
71. Yeang, K. (2006). A vertical theory of urban design. In M. Moor & J. Rowland (Eds.), Urban design futures (pp. 135- 140). Routledge.
72. Zandieh, M., & Goodarzian, Sh. (2014). Landscape approach, the success factor of urban tourism. Bagh-e Nazar, 11(30), 59-66. https://www.bagh-sj.com/article_6498.html?lang=en
73. Zarif, A., Alborzi, F., & Sohili, J. (2022). Investigating the Views of Urban Streets in terms of Citizens' Perception (Case Study: Pedestrian May 15, Tehran). Journal of Applied Researches in Geographical Sciences. 22(66), 325-341.
74. Zukin, S. (1991). Landscape of power. University of California Press.
75. Alcaraz, T.G. (2024). Decoding urban power: Architecture, symbolism and territorial control in Caracas. City, Culture and Society, 39, 100608.
76. Alishah, M., Ebrahimi, A., & Ghaffari, F. (2016). The role of buildings facades of on urban landscape (case study: old context of Sari). The Turkish Online Journal of Design Art and Communication, 1347-1356. https://doi.org/ 10.7456/1060AGSE/019 [DOI:10.7456/1060AGSE/019]
77. Atarod, F. & Kashi, H. (2018). Constituent Elements of Urban Facade. Armanshahr Architecture & Urban Development, 10(21), 173-192. https://www.armanshahrjournal.com/article_58605.html
78. Atashinbar, M. (2009). The Continuity of Identity in Urban Landscape. Bagh-e Nazar, 6(12), 45-56. https://www.bagh-sj.com/article_32.html
79. Benkovičová, L. (2024). Sustainability, Beauty, and Power in Architecture. International Journal of Architecture, Arts and Applications, 10(3), 54-63. https://doi.org/ https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijaaa.20241003.12 [DOI:https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijaaa.20241003.12]
80. Bourdieu, P. (1984). Distinction: A Social Critique of the Judgment of Taste. Harvard University Press.
81. Carmona, M., Heath, T., Oc, T., & Tiesdell, S. (2021). Public Places, Urban Spaces: The Dimensions of Urban Design (3rd ed.). Routledge.
82. Cullen, G. (1961). Townscape. Architectural Press.
83. Dovey, K. (2016). Urban Design Thinking: A Conceptual Toolkit. Bloomsbury.
84. Esmaili, F., Charehjoo, F., & Hoorijani, N. (2020). Analyzing and Evaluating Facades with a Special Approach to Visual Aesthetics Using the Grid Method (Case Study: Enqelab Street in Sanandaj). Bagh-e Nazar, 17(82), 65-78. http://doi.org/10.22034/bagh.2019.165147.3934
85. Foucault, M. (1977). Discipline and Punish: The Birth of the Prison. Vintage.
86. Gehl, J. (2010). Cities for People. Island Press.
87. • Ghiabi, M. (2022). نقش نما و جداره ها در منظر شهری با تاکید بر زیبایی شناسی محیط [The role of facades and walls in the urban landscape with emphasis on the aesthetics of the environment]. Journal of Urban Design Studies and Urban Research, 5(2), 67-75. [In Persian]
88. Harvey, D. (2008). The Right to the City. New Left Review.
89. Heffernan, F. (2024, December 30). Modern cities as material expressions of power: Interrogating politics and design in Paris, Algiers, and Vienna. Urban Equity Institute. https://www.urbanequityinstitute.org/modern-cities-as-material-expressions-of-power-interrogating-politics-and-design-in-paris-algiers-and-vienna/
90. Jacobs, J. (1961). The Death and Life of Great American Cities. Random House.
91. Jones, P. (2011). Architecture, Power and Identities: Surveying the Field. Liverpool University Press.
92. Kasravi, R., & Hashemizadegan, S.A. (2023). A Comparative Study of Sima, Manzar, and Chesm Andaz as Persian Equivalents of Landscape in English. Manzar, the Scientific Journal of Landscape, 15(64), 54-59.
93. Khakzand, M., Mohammadi, M., Jam, F., & Aghabozorgi, K. (2014). Identification of factors influencing urban facade's design with an emphasis on aesthetics and ecological dimensions Case study: Valiasr (a.s.) Street -Free Region of Qeshm. Motaleate Shahri, 3(10), 15-26. https://urbstudies.uok.ac.ir/article_8763.html?lang=en
94. Khosravi, S. (2010). Young and Defiant in Tehran. University of Pennsylvania Press.
95. Lefebvre, H. (1991). The Production of Space. Blackwell.
96. Lynch, K. (1960). The Image of the City. MIT Press.
97. Majidi, M., & Hashemizadegan, S. A. (2025). Landscape and Politics (Conceptology of the Nature and Political Aspects of Landscapes). Bagh-e Nazar, 21(141), 15-26. https://doi/10.22034/bagh.2025.500586.5745
98. • Mansouri, S. A. (2010). چیستی منظر شهری [What is an urban landscape?]. Manzar, the Scientific Journal of Landscape, 2(9), 30-33. https://www.manzar-sj.com/article_405.html?lang=fa [In Persian]
99. Martinelli, P.M. (2019). Inside the Façade: The Inhabited Space between Domestic and Urban Realms.
100. Nezhadbahram, Z., & Jalili, S. M. (2021). Explanation of "Urban Power" and Its Effects on the Development Process of Tehran City. Armanshahr Architecture & Urban Development, 13(33), 269-280.
101. Parker, S. (2003). Politics, people and power. In S. Parker (Ed.), Urban theory and the urban experience: Encountering the city (pp. 120-137). Routledge.
102. Porta, S., & Renne, J. L. (Eds.). (2019). The Routledge Handbook of Urban Design Research Methods. Routledge.
103. Pula, D., & Perna, V. (2023). Architecture as Metaphor: Politics and Aesthetics in the Modernist City. ArchiDOCT, 11(2). https://iris.uniroma1.it/retrieve/5bc2059f-863f-4d17-bf66-17f7f25a15e9/Perna_Architecture-Metaphor_2023.pdf
104. Rahimi, M. (2018). An Investigation and Analysis of the Elements of Urban Power in Historical and Contemporary Periods. Journal of Iranian Studies, 17(33), 155-176.
105. Relph, E. (1976). Place and Placelessness. Pion.
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